Journal
JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Volume 107, Issue 11, Pages 2883-2890Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.015
Keywords
formulation; solubility; percutaneous; permeability; skin; surfactants; permeation enhancers; transdermal; transdermal drug delivery; emulsion
Funding
- Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., New Product and Business Development Department, Central R&D Laboratory, Toyokawa, Ibaraki-city, Osaka, Japan
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Heparinoid is commonly used for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis, a condition wherein inflammation and clotting occurs in the veins below the skin surface. However, stratum corneum is a major barrier that limits the delivery of hydrophilic heparinoid, in and across the skin. The aim of the present study was to develop a nonirritant topical formulation for heparinoid incorporating chemical penetration enhancers and investigate the delivery of heparinoid across the human epidermis using in vitro vertical Franz diffusion cells. The developed oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NEs; NE-1 and NE-2) delivered higher amount of heparinoid (91.58 +/- 25.75 mu g/sq.cm and 62.67 +/- 5.66 mu g/sq.cm, respectively) after 72 h compared with the other developed formulations, which in turn also delivered significantly higher amount compared with commercial formulations: cream (1.78 +/- 0.07 mu g/sq.cm), ointment (9.95 +/- 4.41 mu g/sq.cm), and gel (0 mu g/sq. cm) (p < 0.05). Transmission electron microscopy, polarizing light microscopy, and dynamic light scattering studies were performed to characterize the microstructure of these NEs with chemical enhancers. NE-1 was tested to be nonirritant with cell viability greater than 50% and a minimal release of IL-1 alpha by using the in vitro Epiderm tissue model. Our results demonstrate that NE formulations represent a potential strategy for providing a localized therapy for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis. (c) 2018 American Pharmacists Association (R). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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