Sr, Nd, Pb and Os Isotope Systematics of CAMP Tholeiites from Eastern North America (ENA): Evidence of a Subduction-enriched Mantle Source

The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) is one of the largest igneous provinces on Earth, with an areal extent exceeding 10(7) km(2). Here we document the geochemical characteristics of CAMP basalts from Triassic-Jurassic basins in northeastern USA and Nova Scotia (Canada). The CAMP rocks occur as lava flows, sills and dykes. All of our analysed samples show chemical characteristics typical of CAMP basalts with low titanium content, which include enrichment in the most incompatible elements and negative Nb anomalies. All the basalts also show enriched Sr-Nd-Pb initial (t = 201 Ma) isotopic compositions (Pb-206/Pb-204(ini.) = 18 center dot 155-18 center dot 691, Pb-207/Pb-204(ini.) = 15 center dot 616-15 center dot 668, Pb-208/Pb-204(ini.) = 38 center dot 160-38 center dot 616, Nd-143/Nd-144(ini.) = 0 center dot 512169-0 center dot 512499). On the basis of stratigraphy, rare earth element (REE) chemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope composition, three chemical groups are defined. The Hook Mountain group, with the lowest La/Yb ratios, initial Pb-206/Pb-204(ini.) > 18 center dot 5 and Nd-143/Nd-144(ini.) > 0 center dot 51238, comprises all the lastest and upper stratigraphic units. The Preakness group, with intermediate La/Yb ratios, Pb-206/Pb-204(ini.) > 18 center dot 5 and 0 center dot 51233 > Nd-143/Nd-144(ini.) > 0 center dot 51225, comprises the intermediate units. The Orange Mountain group has the highest La/Yb ratios and Nd-143/Nd-144(ini.) < 0 center dot 51235 and involves all the earliest and stratigraphically lowest units, including the entire North Mountain basalts from Nova Scotia. In this last group, three sub-groups may be distinguished: the Rapidan sill, which has Pb-206/Pb-204(ini.) higher than 18 center dot 5, the Shelburne sub-group, which has Nd-143/Nd-144(ini.) < 0 center dot 51225, and the remaining Orange Mt samples. With the exception of one sample, the Eastern North America (ENA) CAMP basalts display initial Os-187/Os-188 ratios in the range of mantle-derived magmas (< 0 center dot 15). Simple modelling shows that the composition of the ENA CAMP basalts cannot plausibly be explained solely by crustal contamination of oceanic island basalt (OIB), mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) or oceanic plateau basalt (OPB) magmas. Mixing of such magma compositions with sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM)-derived melts followed by crustal contamination, by either assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) or assimilation through turbulent ascent (ATA) processes is somewhat more successful. However, this latter scenario does not reproduce the REE and isotopic composition of the ENA CAMP in a fully satisfactory manner. Alternatively, we propose a model in which asthenospheric mantle overlying a subducted slab (i.e. mantle wedge) was enriched during Cambrian to Devonian subduction by sedimentary material, isotopically equivalent to Proterozoic-Lower Paleozoic crustal rocks. Subsequently, after subduction ceased, the isotopic composition of this mantle evolved by radioactive decay for another 170 Myr until the CAMP magmatic event. Varying amounts and compositions of the incorporated sedimentary component coupled with radiogenic ingrowth over time can account for the main geochemical characteristics of the ENA CAMP (enriched incompatible element patterns, negative Nb anomalies, enriched Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic composition) and the differences between the three chemical groups.