Assessing Bulk Assimilation in Cordierite-bearing Granitoids from the Central System Batholith, Spain; Experimental, Geochemical and Geochronological Constraints

This paper describes in detail an example of a calc-alkaline batholith, located in the Credos massif (Spanish Central system batholith, Iberian Variscan massif), intruded into pelitic metasediments at shallow crustal levels. The igneous rocks of the study area are divided into three main groups according to their petrographic and geochemical (major, trace and rare earth element) characteristics: calc-alkalic (Qtz diorites and tonalites), transitional (Bt granodiorites), and alkali-calcic series (typically composed of Crd monzogranites). A paradoxical feature of the Crd monzogranites is the presence of euhedral Crd crystals in strong disequilibrium within a non-anatectic monzogranite. The field relations and geochemical data strongly suggest a process of bulk assimilation of the host metasediments by the intruding Bt granodiorites to generate the Crd monzogranites. Geochemical trends defined by the Crd monzogranites clearly depart from cotectic-like evolutions of liquid composition, and point to the composition of the metapelitic host-rocks. Laboratory experiments have been performed to check this hypothesis, and the results show that cordierite forms in a local domain where the reactants of the peritectic reaction Bt + Qtz + Pl + Als -> Crd + Kfs + Melt are located. The process includes the isolation of metapelitic xenoliths in the granodiorite magma (a feature observed in the field), partial melting of these xenoliths with generation of cordierite as a peritectic phase in local equilibrium with the melt inside the entrapped xenolith, and the survival of these crystals because the residual melt of the granodiorite magma converges compositionally toward the peraluminous leucogranite generated in the relic xenolith. In turn, the granodiorite gains K released from the xenoliths, inducing the crystallization of K-feldspar and shifting to a Crd monzogranitic composition. Inherited zircons are present in the Crd monzogranites, similar to those found in the host metasediments; these are virtually absent in the intrusive Bt granodiorites. Mass-balance calculations and estimates based on the amount of Crd present have been applied to quantify the extent of assimilation in the petrogenesis of the granitoids; the volume of assimilated material can be high, depending on the proximity to the contacts with the xenoliths and the amount of pelitic material in the metasediments.