Tunable nonlinear graphene metasurfaces

We introduce an important approach for enhancing the nonlinear response of graphene through its resonant coupling to a plasmonic metasurface via cascaded Fano resonances. Such a hybrid metasurface supports two types of subradiant resonant modes, i.e., asymmetric modes of structured metamaterial elements (metamolecules) and graphene plasmons exhibiting strong mutual coupling and avoided dispersion crossing. We demonstrate that the tunability of graphene plasmons facilitates the strong interaction between the subradiant modes, modifying the spectral position and lifetime of the Fano resonances. We reveal that a strong resonant interaction, combined with the subwavelength localization of plasmons, leads to an enhanced nonlinear response and high efficiency of the second-harmonic generation.