Journal
PHYSICA SCRIPTA
Volume T165, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/0031-8949/2015/T165/014012
Keywords
pump/probe time-resolved photoemission; gauge invariance; nonequilibrium many-body physics
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Funding
- Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering (DMSE) [DE-AC02-76SF00515, DE-FG02-08ER46542, DE-SC0007091]
- Indo-US Science and Technology Forum [JC-18-2009]
- DST, India
- McDevitt bequest at Georgetown
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Nonequilibrium calculations in the presence of an electric field are usually performed in a gauge, and need to be transformed to reveal the gauge-invariant observables. In this work, we discuss the issue of gauge invariance in the context of time-resolved angle-resolved pump/probe photoemission. If the probe is applied while the pump is still on, one must ensure that the calculations of the observed photocurrent are gauge invariant. We also discuss the requirement of the photoemission signal to be positive and the relationship of this constraint to gauge invariance. We end by discussing some technical details related to the perturbative derivation of the photoemission spectra, which involve processes where the pump pulse photoemits electrons due to nonequilibrium effects.
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