Journal
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
Volume 31, Issue 27, Pages 10067-10075Publisher
SOC NEUROSCIENCE
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6730-10.2011
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Funding
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [21300133]
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Takeda Science Foundation
- Sankyo Foundation
- Program of Basic and Applied Researches for Innovations in Bio-Oriented Industry of Japan
- Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. LTD., Osaka City
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [30625021, 30821002]
- Ministry of Science and Technology [2009CB5220004, 2011CB711000, 2009ZX09303-006]
- Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline [B119]
- NIH [NS048995, DA019362, DA024763, MH083973]
- Department of Defense [W81XWH-07-0012]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [21380081, 21300133, 21500313] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Caffeine, the most widely used psychoactive compound, is an adenosine receptor antagonist. It promotes wakefulness by blocking adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)Rs) in the brain, but the specific neurons on which caffeine acts to produce arousal have not been identified. Using selective gene deletion strategies based on the Cre/loxP technology in mice and focal RNA interference to silence the expression of A(2A)Rs in rats by local infection with adeno-associated virus carrying short-hairpin RNA, we report that the A(2A)Rs in the shell region of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are responsible for the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. Caffeine-induced arousal was not affected in rats when A(2A)Rs were focally removed from the NAc core or other A(2A)R-positive areas of the basal ganglia. Our observations suggest that caffeine promotes arousal by activating pathways that traditionally have been associated with motivational and motor responses in the brain.
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