Journal
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
Volume 10, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-157
Keywords
Tamoxifen; Early brain injury; Learning deficits; Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Inflammation
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81171105, 81271300, 81371279]
- Jiangsu Province's Outstanding Medical Academic Leader program [LJ201139]
- national key Technology R&D program for the 12th Five-year plan of P.R. China [2011BAI08B05, 2011BAI08B06, 2011ZX09307-303]
- Education Department of Jiangsu Province [11KJB320011]
- Suzhou Government [SYS201109]
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Background: Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has successfully been used to treat several animal models of brain injury, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of tamoxifen on the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)-related inflammatory signaling pathway and secondary brain injury in rats after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (1) control group (n = 28); (2) SAH group (n = 28); (3) SAH + vehicle group (n = 28); and (4) SAH + tamoxifen group (n = 28). All SAH animals were subjected to injection of autologous blood into the prechiasmatic cistern once on day 0. In SAH + tamoxifen group, tamoxifen was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg/kg at 2 h, 12 h, and 36 h after SAH. In the first set of experiments, brain samples were extracted and evaluated at 48 h after SAH. In the second set of experiments, the Morris water maze was used to investigate cognitive and memory changes. Results: We found that treatment with tamoxifen markedly inhibited the protein expressions of TLR4, NF-kappa B and the downstream inflammatory agents, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Administration of tamoxifen following SAH significantly ameliorated the early brain injury (EBI), such as brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, and clinical behavior scale. Learning deficits induced by SAH were markedly alleviated after tamoxifen treatment. Conclusions: Post-SAH tamoxifen administration may attenuate TLR4/NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory response in the rat brain and result in abatement of the development of EBI and cognitive dysfunction after SAH.
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