Journal
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
Volume 115, Issue 6, Pages 1668-1680Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07075.x
Keywords
CREB; ginsenoside Rh1; HO-1; neuroinflammation; PKA
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Funding
- Ministry for Health, Welfare & Family Affairs, Republic of Korea [A084369]
- Korea government (MEST) [2010-0029354]
- Korea Health Promotion Institute [A084369] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2010-0029354] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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P>Microglia activation plays a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases, and thus controlling microglial activation has been suggested as a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we showed that ginsenoside Rh1 inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia, while Rh1 increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Suppression of microglial activation by Rh1 was also observed in the mouse brain following treatment with LPS. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that Rh1 inhibited LPS-induced MAPK phosphorylation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)-mediated transcription without affecting NF-kappa B DNA binding. As the increase of pCREB (cAMP responsive element-binding protein) is known to result in suppression of NF-kappa B-mediated transcription, we examined whether Rh1 increased pCREB levels. As expected, Rh1 increased pCREB, which was shown to be related to the anti-inflammatory effect of Rh1 because pre-treatment with protein kinase A inhibitors attenuated the Rh1-mediated inhibition of nitric oxide production and the up-regulation of IL-10 and HO-1. Furthermore, treatment of HO-1 shRNA attenuated Rh1-mediated inhibition of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production. Through this study, we have demonstrated that protein kinase A and its downstream effector, HO-1, play a critical role in the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Rh1 by modulating pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules in activated microglia.
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