Journal
JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
Volume 105, Issue 5, Pages 1561-1572Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05384.x
Keywords
astrocyte morphology; cell death; dendritic spines; estrogen; nuclear volume; sex differences
Categories
Funding
- NINDS NIH HHS [F31 NS055518, F31 NS055518-01A2] Funding Source: Medline
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Hormone exposure, including testosterone and its metabolite estradiol, induces a myriad of effects during a critical period of brain development that are necessary for brain sexual differentiation. Nuclear volume, neuronal morphology, and astrocyte complexity are examples of the wide range of effects by which testosterone and estradiol can induce permanent changes in the function of neurons for the purpose of reproduction in adulthood. This review will examine the multitude of mechanisms by which steroid hormones induce these permanent changes in brain structure and function. Elucidating how steroids alter brain development sheds light on how individual variation in neuronal phenotype is established during a critical period.
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