Journal
JOURNAL OF MUSCLE RESEARCH AND CELL MOTILITY
Volume 32, Issue 3, Pages 203-208Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10974-011-9263-8
Keywords
Muscle; 3-State; Regulation; Actin; Myosin; Troponin; Tropomyosin; Cardiomyopathy
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Funding
- NIH [HL9116]
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The 3-state model of muscle regulation has been useful in explaining the roles of Ca2+ and myosin heads in activation and relaxation of striated muscle contraction. However, there are some phenomena, which cannot simply be explained by the 3-state model. These include increased Ca2+-binding caused by strong-binding myosin heads and residual active force at low Ca2+ in the case of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Here, I review experimental data which provide evidence for an additional state, a myosin-induced Open state present in the absence of Ca2+ (Open-Ca2+) which like the normal Open+Ca2+ state, is an active state and can allow myosin heads to cycle and generate force. A schematic diagram is presented which shows that the formation of the Open-Ca2+ state is on a parallel path with the formation of the Open+Ca2+ state and can contribute to activation.
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