Journal
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CARDIOLOGY
Volume 52, Issue 3, Pages 559-567Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.009
Keywords
Glutathionylation; Protein-mixed disulfides; Nitric oxide; Oxidative stress; Heart; Vasculature
Categories
Funding
- NIH [RR024489, HL55477, HL59378]
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Reversible protein S-glutathiolation has emerged as an important mechanism of post-translational modification. Under basal conditions several proteins remain adducted to glutathione, and physiological glutathiolation of proteins has been shown to regulate protein function. Enzymes that promote glutathiolation (e.g., glutathione-S-transferase-P) or those that remove glutathione from proteins (e.g., glutaredoxin) have been identified. Modification by glutathione has been shown to affect protein catalysis, ligand binding, oligomerization and protein-protein interactions. Conditions associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress, such as ischemia-reperfusion, hypertension and tachycardia increase protein glutathiolation via changes in the glutathione redox status (GSH/GSSG) or through the formation of sulfenic acid (SOH) or nitrosated (SNO) cysteine intermediates. These activated thiols promote reversible S-glutathiolation of key proteins involved in cell signaling, energy production, ion transport, and cell death. Hence, S-glutathiolation is ideally suited for integrating and mounting fine-tuned responses to changes in the redox state. S-glutathiolation also provides a temporary glutathione cap to protect protein thiols from irreversible oxidation and it could be an important mechanism of protein encryption to maintain proteins in a functionally silent state until they are needed during conditions of stress. Current evidence suggests that the glutathiolation-deglutathiolation cycle integrates and interacts with other post-translational mechanisms to regulate signal transduction, metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis. This article is part of a Special Section entitled Post-translational Modification. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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