Adaptation and cross-adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica to poultry decontaminants

Information on the potential for acquired reduced susceptibility of bacteria to poultry decontaminants occurring is lacking. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were established for assessing the initial susceptibility and the adaptative and cross-adaptative responses of four bacterial strains (Listeria monocytogenes serovar l/2a, L. monocytogenes serovar 4b, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, and S. enterica serotype Enteritidis) to four poultry decontaminants (trisodium phosphate, acidified sodium chlorite -ASC-, citric acid, and peroxyacetic acid). The initial susceptibility was observed to differ among species (all decontaminants) and between Salmonella strains (ASC). These inter- and intra-specific variations highlight (1) the need for strict monitoring of decontaminant concentrations to inactivate all target pathogens of concern, and (2) the importance of selecting adequate test strains in decontamination studies. MICs of ASC (0.17 +/- 0.02 to 0.21 +/- 0.02 mg/ml) were higher than the U.S. authorized concentration when applied as a pre-chiller or chiller solution (0.05 to 0.15 mg/ml). Progressively increasing decontaminant concentrations resulted in reduced susceptibility of strains. The highest increase in MIC was 1.88 to 2.71-fold (ASC). All decontaminants were shown to cause cross-adaptation of strains between both related and unrelated compounds, the highest increase in MIC being 1.82-fold (ASC). Our results suggest that the in-use concentrations of ASC could, in certain conditions, be ineffective against Listeria and Salmonella strains. The adaptative and cross-adaptative responses of strains tested to poultry decontaminants are of minor concern. However, the observations being presented here are based on in vitro studies, and further research into practical applications are needed in order to confirm these findings.