Facile fabrication of NiO x H y films and their unique electrochromic properties

The electrochromic (EC) NiO (x) H (y) films were fabricated through a facile sol-gel method. The formation of high quality NiO (x) H (y) films came from adding the xerogel back into the sol and prolonging the annealing time at gradually increasing temperature up to 250 A degrees C. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy characterizations indicated films were compact, homogenous, and smooth. Glance angle X-ray diffraction investigation testified NiO (x) H (y) films were of poor crystallization. The Fourier transform infrared, and thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis showed that films contained the mixture of NiO, Ni(OH)(2), NiOOH, water, and organic substance. With the increasing of the xerogel ratio, the optical absorbance and reflectance of films had larger differences between the colored and bleached state, respectively. The film with the xerogel ratio of 1:5 showed excellent EC properties with a transmittance contrast as high as 60.88% at lambda A = 560 nm, which was higher than other sol-gel nickel oxide films reported.