Investigating the first-cycle irreversibility of lithium metal oxide cathodes for Li batteries

Layered lithium metal oxide cathodes typically exhibit irreversibility during the first cycle in lithium cells when cycled in conventional voltage ranges (e.g., 3-4.3 V vs. Li(+)/Li). In this work, we have studied the first-cycle irreversibility of lithium cells containing various layered cathode materials using galvanostatic cycling and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. When cycled between 3.0 and 4.3 V vs. Li(+)/Li, the cells containing LiCoO(2), LiNi(0.8)Co(0.15)Al(0.05)O(2), and Li(1.048)(Ni(1/3)Co(1/3)Mn(1/3))(0.952)O(2) as cathodes showed initial coulombic efficiencies of 98.0, 87.0, and 88.6%, respectively, at relatively slow current (8 mA/g). However, the lost capacity could be completely recovered by discharging the cells to low voltages (< 2 V vs. Li(+)/Li). During this deep discharge, the same cells exhibited voltage plateaus at 1.17, 1.81, and 1.47 V, respectively, which is believed to be associated with formation of a Li(2)MO(2)-like phase (M = Ni, Co, Mn) on the oxide particle surface due to very sluggish lithium diffusion in Li(epsilon)MO(2) with epsilon -> 1 (i.e., near the end of discharge). The voltage relaxation curve and in situ X-ray diffraction patterns, obtained from a Li/Li(1.048)(Ni(1/3)Co(1/3)Mn(1/3))(0.952)O(2) cell, showed that the oxide cathode reversibly returned to its original state [i.e., Li(1.048)(Ni(1/3)Co(1/3)Mn(1/3))(0.952)O(2)] during relaxation following the deep discharge to achieve 100% cycle efficiency.