Journal
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY
Volume 22, Issue 23, Pages 11550-11555Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30575e
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Funding
- EFRC:CST, an Energy Frontier Research Center
- U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-SC0001091]
- U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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Planar defects in lithium-rich layered oxides were examined by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to understand their formation. Planar defects were found to form during the transition of the transition metal layer from a disordered R (3) over barm state to a lithium-ordered C2/m state. This disorder-to-order transition resulted in three orientation variants, namely [100], [110], and [1 (1) over bar0]. The fundamental mechanism behind the observed defects is a shear of +/-b/3[010] on the (001) transition metal planes, which is equivalent to the point group operations lost during the disorder-to-order transition. These displacements also produced twins and single unit cells with P3(1)12 symmetry. Lithium-rich layered oxides with and without nickel show the presence of these three orientation variants.
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