Journal
PARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION
Volume 32, Issue 8, Pages 848-853Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.201500019
Keywords
core-shell nanoparticles; physical vapor deposition; STEM elemental mapping; surface energy; thermodynamics
Funding
- U.S. National Science Foundation Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences Division of Materials Research [0820521]
- Nebraska Research Initiative
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Materials Research [0820521] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Core-shell nanoparticles are known to form in binary systems using a one-step gas-condensation deposition process where a large, positive enthalpy of mixing provides the driving force for phase separation and a difference in surface energy between component atoms creates a preferential surface phase leading to a core-shell structure. Here, core-shell nanoparticles have been observed in systems with enthalpy as low as -5 kJ mol(-1) and a surface energy difference of 0.5 J m(-2) (Mo-Co). This suggests that surface energy dominates at the nanoscale and can lead to phase separation in nanoparticles. The compositions and size dependence of the core-shell structures are also compared and no core-shell structures are observed below a critical size of 8 nm.
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