High capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries based on spinel metal oxides AMn(2)O(4) (A = Co, Ni, and Zn)

Manganites of transition and/or post-transition metals, AMn(2)O(4) (where A was Co, Ni or Zn), were synthesized by a simple and easily scalable co-precipitation route and were evaluated as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. The obtained powders were characterized by SEM, TEM, and XRD techniques. Battery cycling showed that ZnMn2O4 exhibited the best performance (discharge capacity, cycling, and rate capability) compared to the two other manganites and their corresponding simple oxides. Further studies on the effect of different sintering temperatures (from 400 to 1000 degrees C) on particle size were performed, and it is found that the size of the particles had a significant effect on the performance of the batteries. The optimum particle size for ZnMn2O4 is found to be 75-150 nm. In addition, the use of water-soluble and environmentally friendly binders, such as lithium and sodium salts of carboxymethlycellulose, greatly improved the performance of the batteries compared to the conventional binder, PVDF. Finally, ZnMn2O4 powder sintered at 800 degrees C (<150 nm) and the use of the in-house synthesized lithium salt of carboxymethlycellulose (LiCMC) binder gave the best battery performance: a capacity of 690 mA h g(-1) (3450 mA h mL(-1)) at C/10, along with good rate capability and excellent capacity retention (88%).