Substituted carbazole dyes for efficient molecular photovoltaics: long electron lifetime and high open circuit voltage performance

We designed and synthesized new substituted carbazole dyes, MK-14 and -16, for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) employing the I-/I-3(-) redox couple. By the addition of a hexyloxyphenyl substituent to previously reported carbazole dyes MK-1 and -2, the electron lifetime and open circuit voltage of the DSSCs employing these dyes were increased, showing comparable values with those using a conventional Ru complex dye. This result was achieved by the retardation of the charge recombination, caused by more effective blocking of the I-3(-) ion in the electrolyte than that in the cases of MK-1 and -2. The result shows the importance of the position of alkyl chains attached to the main framework of dye molecules.