Journal
JOURNAL OF MAMMARY GLAND BIOLOGY AND NEOPLASIA
Volume 18, Issue 1, Pages 63-73Publisher
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9273-9
Keywords
Estrogens; Estrogen receptor; Metalloestrogens; Metals; Endocrine disruptors; Breast cancer
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Funding
- NCI NIH HHS [U54 CA149147] Funding Source: Medline
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Metalloestrogens are metals that activate the estrogen receptor in the absence of estradiol. The metalloestrogens fall into two subclasses: metal/metalloid anions and bivalent cationic metals. The metal/metalloid anions include compounds such as arsenite, nitrite, selenite, and vanadate while the bivalent cations include metals such as cadmium, calcium, cobalt, copper, nickel, chromium, lead, mercury, and tin. The best studied metalloestrogen is cadmium. It is a heavy metal and a prevalent environmental contaminant with no known physiological function. This review addresses our current understanding of the mechanism by which cadmium and the bivalent cationic metals activate estrogen receptor-alpha. The review also summarizes the in vitro and in vivo evidence that cadmium functions as an estrogen and the potential role of cadmium in breast cancer.
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