Journal
JOURNAL OF MAMMARY GLAND BIOLOGY AND NEOPLASIA
Volume 16, Issue 2, Pages 97-108Publisher
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9217-1
Keywords
EMT; Invasion; Metastasis; Microenvironment; Stroma; TGF-beta
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Funding
- Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
- Swedisch Cancer Society
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The contribution of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling to breast cancer has been studied for more than two decades. In an early phase TGF-beta may act as a tumour suppressor, while later, when cells have become resistant to its anti-mitogenic effects, the role of TGF-beta switches towards malignant conversion and progression. TGF-beta stimulates cell invasion and modifies the microenvironment to the advantage of cancer cells. Studies have shown that TGF-beta promotes bone and lung metastasis via different mechanisms. The therapeutic strategies to target the TGF-beta pathway in breast cancer are becoming increasingly clear. This review will focus on the role TGF-beta in breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
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