Journal
PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 37, Issue 6, Pages 304-313Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/pim.12194
Keywords
alternatively activated macrophages; dendritic cells; helminths; IgE; IgG4; IL-10; immune modulation; innate lymphoid cells; regulatory B cells; regulatory T cells; Th2 responses
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Funding
- Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH
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Although helminth infections are characteristically associated with Th2-mediated responses that include the production of the prototypical cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by CD4(+) cells, the production of IgE, peripheral blood eosinophilia and mucus production in localized sites, these responses are largely attenuated when helminth infections become less acute. This modulation of the immune response that occurs with chronic helminth infection is often induced by molecules secreted by helminth parasites, by non-Th2 regulatory CD4(+) cells, and by nonclassical B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. This review will focus on those parasite- and host-mediated mechanisms underlying the modulated T-cell response that occurs as the default in chronic helminth infections.
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