Journal
JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Volume 28, Issue 3, Pages 543-558Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21492
Keywords
water and fat separation; Dixon imaging; phase correction; phase unwrapping; fat suppression; chemical shift imaging
Funding
- The Bracco/RSNA Research Scholar Award
- The Susan Komen Breast Cancer Foundation
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In 1984, Dixon published a first paper on a simple spectroscopic imaging technique for water and fat separation. The technique acquires two separate images with a modified spin echo pulse sequence. One is a conventional spin echo image with water and fat signals in-phase and the other is acquired with the readout gradient slightly shifted so that the water and fat signals are 180 out-of-phase. Dixon showed that from these two images, a water-only image and a fat-only image can be generated. The water-only image by the Dixon's technique can serve the purpose of fat suppression, an important and widely used imaging option for clinical MRI. Additionally. the availability of both the water-only and fat-only images allows direct image-based water and fat: quantitation. These applications, as well as the potential that the technique can be made highly insensitive to magnetic field inhomogeneity, have generated substantial research interests and efforts from many investigators. As a result, significant improvement to the original technique has been made in the last 2 decades. The following article reviews the underlying physical principles and describes some major technical aspects in the development of these Dixon techniques.
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