Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease

Epidemiological studies on Greenland Inuits in the 1970s and subsequent human studies have established an inverse relationship between the ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids [C20-22 omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)], blood levels of C20-22 omega 3 PUFA, and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). C20-22 omega 3 PUFA have pleiotropic effects on cell function and regulate multiple pathways controlling blood lipids, inflammatory factors, and cellular events in cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. The hypolipemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic properties of these fatty acids confer cardioprotection. Accordingly, national heart associations and government agencies have recommended increased consumption of fatty fish or omega 3 PUFA supplements to prevent CVD. In addition to fatty fish, sources of omega 3 PUFA are available from plants, algae, and yeast. A key question examined in this review is whether nonfish sources of omega 3 PUFA are as effective as fatty fish-derived C20-22 omega 3 PUFA at managing risk factors linked to CVD. We focused on omega 3 PUFA metabolism and the capacity of omega 3 PUFA supplements to regulate key cellular events linked to CVD. The outcome of our analysis reveals that nonfish sources of omega 3 PUFA vary in their capacity to regulate blood levels of C20-22 omega 3 PUFA and CVD risk factors.-Jump, D. B., C. M. Depner, and S. Tripathy. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease. J. Lipid Res. 2012. 53: 2525-2545.