Smoking, smoking cessation, and fracture risk in elderly women followed for 10 years

A Summary This study examines the impact of smoking and smoking cessation on fracture risk in 75-year-old women followed for 10 years. Smoking increased fracture risk, especially for vertebral fractures. Smoking cessation decreased the risk for vertebral fractures but not for other fracture types. Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine effects of smoking and smoking cessation on fracture risk. Methods This prospective observational population-based study followed 1033 women during 10 years from age 75. Data regarding smoking were collected at age 75. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals for fracture were calculated using competing risks proportional hazards regression. Results Both former smokers and current smokers had an increased risk for any fracture (HR 1.30; 1.03-1.66, and HR 1.32; 1.01-1.73, respectively) and any osteoporotic fracture (hip, proximal humerus, distal radius, vertebra) (HR 1.31; 1.01-1.70 and HR 1.49; 1.11-1.98, respectively) compared to non-smokers. Former smokers had an increased risk for proximal humerus fractures (HR 2.23; 1.35-3.70), and current smokers had an increased risk for vertebral fractures (HR 2.30; 1.57-3.38) compared to non-smokers. After adjustment for weight, previous fractures, alcohol habits, bone mineral density (BMD), use of corticoids, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, and previous falls, former smokers had an increased risk for proximal humerus fracture (HR 2.07; 1.19-3.57) and current smokers had an increased risk for osteoporotic (HR 1.47; 1.05-2.05) and vertebral fractures (HR 2.50; 1.58-3.95) compared to non-smokers. Former smokers had a decreased risk for vertebral fractures, but not for other types of fractures, compared to current smokers. Conclusions Smoking increased the risk for fracture among elderly women, especially vertebral fractures. Smoking cessation decreased the risk for vertebral fractures but not for other types of fractures.