Effect of temperature on demographic parameters of the hawthorn red midget moth, Phyllonorycter corylifoliella, on apple

The hawthorn red midget moth, Phyllonorycter corylifoliella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is one of the most serious pests of apple and pear orchards in Iran, however little is known about its biology and relationship with environmental factors. The reproduction and population growth parameters of P. corylifoliella were examined at six constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 33 and 35 degrees C) on apple var. golden delicious. At 35 degrees C, P. corylifoliella failed to develop beyond the first instar. The lowest (13%) and highest (64%) mortality rates of immature stages occurred at 25 and 33 degrees C, respectively. The life expectancies (e(x)) decreased with increasing of age and the life expectancies of one-day-old larvae were estimated to be 38.68, 33.34, 35.11, 26.28 and 16.11 days at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 33 degrees C, respectively. The highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (r(m)), net reproductive rate (R-o) and finite rate of increase (lambda) at 25 degrees C were 0.100 +/- 0.003, 47.66 +/- 5.47 and 1.11 +/- 0.00, respectively. The mean generation time (T) decreased with increasing temperatures from 86.86 +/- 0.53 days at 15 degrees C to 33.48 +/- 0.16 days at 30 degrees C. Doubling time (DT) varied significantly with temperature and the shortest doubling time was obtained at 25 degrees C. The results of this study provide direction for future research on evaluating the performance of P. corylifoliella and the efficiency of its natural enemies in apple orchards under variable environmental conditions.