Journal
JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON
Volume 8, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-8-9
Keywords
Atherosclerosis Inflammation; Innate immunity; Toll-like receptors; Monocyte subsets; Macrophage subtypes; Macrophage polarisation
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Funding
- Circulation Foundation
- Royal College of Surgeons of England/Rosetrees Trust
- Graham-Dixon Charitable Trust
- Peel Medical Research Trust
- British Heart Foundation
- European Commission [LSHM-CT-2006-037400]
- EU [HEALTH-2007-2.4.2-1. 2008]
- Kennedy Trustees
- Arthritis Research Campaign UK
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Innate inflammation is a hallmark of both experimental and human atherosclerosis. The predominant innate immune cell in the atherosclerotic plaque is the monocyte-macrophage. The behaviour of this cell type within the plaque is heterogeneous and depends on the recruitment of diverse monocyte subsets. Furthermore, the plaque microenvironment offers polarisation and activation signals which impact on phenotype. Microenvironmental signals are sensed through pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like and NOD-like receptors - the latter of which are components of the inflammasome - thus dictating macrophage behaviour and outcome in atherosclerosis. Recently cholesterol crystals and modified lipoproteins have been recognised as able to directly engage these pattern recognition receptors. The convergent role of such pathways in terms of macrophage activation is discussed in this review.
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