Natural prevalence of hepatitis C virus variants with decreased sensitivity to NS3•4A protease inhibitors in treatment-naive subjects

Background. The prevalence and clinical implications of naturally occurring variants that are resistant to hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease inhibitors in treatment-naive patients has not been reported. We report here the prevalence of such variants and their effect on clinical response. Methods. Population sequence analysis of the NS3 center dot 4A protease was conducted in 570 treatment-naive subjects. Results. Most subjects (98%) had wild-type virus. The remaining subjects had the following variants present in significant proportions (similar to 100%): V36M, 0.9%; R155K, 0.7%; V170A, 0.2%; and R109K, 0.2%. The V36M, R109K, and V170A substitutions confer low-level resistance (similar to 7-fold) to protease inhibitors in replicon cells. The R155K substitution confers low-level resistance to telaprevir (TVR) and boceprevir and confers high-level resistance (similar to 70fold) to BILN 2061 and ITMN-191. Five subjects with the V36M or R109K variant were treated with 8 -24 weeks of TVR and peginterferon-similar to 2a (P) with or without ribavirin (R). Four achieved a sustained viral response, and 1 was lost to follow-up. In subjects with the R155K variant, TVR/ PR provided greater antiviral activity than PR alone; however, the antiviral response was lower than that observed in subjects with wild-type virus. Conclusion. High levels of naturally occurring protease inhibitor -resistant variants were uncommon (< 1% each) in HCV treatment -naive patients. TVR/ PR efficiently inhibited V36M and R109K variants and contributed partial antiviral activity against the R155K variant. As new HCV agents are evaluated in clinical trials, it will be important to monitor the effect of baseline variants on sensitivity.