MicroRNA-Deficient NK Cells Exhibit Decreased Survival but Enhanced Function

NK cells are innate immune lymphocytes important for early host defense against infectious pathogens and malignant transformation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that regulate a wide variety of cellular processes, typically by specific complementary targeting of the 3'UTR of mRNAs. The Dicer1 gene encodes a conserved enzyme essential for miRNA processing, and Dicer1 deficiency leads to a global defect in miRNA biogenesis. In this study, we report a mouse model of lymphocyte-restricted Dicer1 disruption to evaluate the role of Dicer1-dependent miRNAs in the development and function of NK cells. As expected, Dicer1-deficient NK cells had decreased total miRNA content. Furthermore, miRNA-deficient NK cells exhibited reduced survival and impaired maturation defined by cell surface phenotypic markers. However, Dicer1-deficient NK cells exhibited enhanced degranulation and IFN-gamma production in vitro in response to cytokines, tumor target cells, and activating NK cell receptor ligation. Moreover, a similar phenotype of increased IFN-gamma was evident during acute MCMV infection in vivo. miRs-15a/15b/16 were identified as abundant miRNAs in NK cells that directly target the murine IFN-gamma 39UTR, thereby providing a potential mechanism for enhanced IFN-gamma production. These data suggest that the function of miRNAs in NK cell biology is complex, with an important role in NK cell development, survival, or homeostasis, while tempering peripheral NK cell activation. Further study of individual miRNAs in an NK cell specific fashion will provide insight into these complex miRNA regulatory effects in NK cell biology. The Journal of Immunology, 2012, 188: 3019-3030.