TNF-α antagonism generates a population of antigen-specific ECD4+CD25+ T cells that inhibit protective immunity in muriue histoplasmosis

In both humans and mice, treatment with TNF-alpha antagonists is associated with serious infectious complications including disseminated histoplasmosis. The mechanisms by which inhibition of endogenous TNF-alpha alter protective immunity remain obscure. Herein, we tested the possibility that neutralization of this cytokine triggered the emergence of T cells that dampen immunity. The lungs of mice given mAb to TNF-alpha contained a higher proportion and number of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells than controls. This elevation was not observed in IFN-gamma- or GM-CSF-deficient mice or in those given a high inoculum. Phenotypic analysis revealed that these cells lacked many of the characteristics of natural regulatory T cells, including Foxp3. CD4(+)CD25(+) cells from TNF-alpha-neutralized mice suppressed Ag-specific, but not nonspecific, responses in vitro. Elimination of CD25(+) cells in vivo restored protective immunity in mice given mAb to TNF-alpha and adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells inhibited immunity. In vitro and in vivo, the suppressive effect was reversed by mAb to IL-10. Thus, neutralization of TNF-alpha is associated with the induction of a population regulatory T cells that alter protective immunity in an Ag-specific manner to Histoplasma capsulatum.