ICOS, CD40, and lymphotoxin β receptors signal sequentially and interdependently to initiate a germinal center reaction

Germinal center (GC) responses to T-dependent Ags require effective collaboration between Th cells, activated B cells, and follicular dendritic cells within a highly organized microenvironment. Studies using gene-targeted mice have highlighted nonredundant molecules that are key for initiating and maintaining the GC niche, including the molecules of the ICOS, CD40, and lymphotoxin (LT) pathways. Signaling through ICOS has multiple consequences, including cytokine production, expression of CD40L on Th cells, and differentiation into CXCR5(+) follicular Th cells, all of which are important in the GC reaction. We have therefore taken advantage of ICOS-/- mice to dissect which downstream elements are required to initiate the formation of GC. In the context of a T-dependent immune response, we found that GC B cells from ICOS-/- mice express lower levels of LT alpha beta compared with wild-type GC B cells in vivo, and stimulation of ICOS on T cells induces LT alpha beta on B cells in vitro. Administration of agonistic anti-LT beta receptor Ab was unable to restore the GC response in ICOS-/- mice, suggesting that additional input from another pathway is required for optimal GC generation. In contrast, treatment with agonistic anti-CD40 Ab in vivo recovered GC networks and restored LT alpha beta expression on GC B cells in ICOS-/- mice, and this effect was dependent on LT beta receptor signaling. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ICOS activation is a prerequisite for the up-regulation of LT alpha beta on GC B cells in vivo and provide a model for cooperation between ICOS, CD40, and LT pathways in the context of the GC response.