Journal
JOURNAL OF HUMAN LACTATION
Volume 27, Issue 2, Pages 171-186Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/0890334410395761
Keywords
immune markers; breast milk; cytokine; chemokine; immunoglobulin
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Funding
- Thrasher Research Fund [02826-6]
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Breastfeeding represents the continued exposure of the infant to the maternal immune environment. Uterine, perinatal, and postnatal exposure to immune factors may contribute to an infant's risk of developing immune-mediated disorders, including allergies. A PubMed search was conducted to review studies in humans and analyze concentrations of immune markers (TGF-beta, IFN-gamma, eotaxin, CCL5, CXCL10, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, IL-1 beta, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, sCD14, sIgA, IgG4, IgM) found in maternal serum, amniotic fluid, cord serum, colostrum, transition and mature milk. Concentrations of immune markers showed large variations across samples and studies. Reports documented conflicting results. Small sample sizes, differences in population characteristics, inconsistent sample collection times, and various sample collection and measurement methods may have led to wide variations in the concentrations of immune markers. Studies analyzing the associations between immune markers in maternal fluids and infant allergies remain inconclusive because of gaps in knowledge and a lack of standardized methods. J Hum Lact. 27(2):171-186.
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