Upregulation of osteoprotegerin expression correlates with bone invasion and predicts poor clinical outcome in oral cancer

Objectives: We aimed to determine the prognostic significance of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), RANK and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and methods: The protein expression of RANKL, RANK and OPG was assessed by immunohistochemistry on pretreatment biopsies of 93 patients with locally advanced OSCC who received preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). The primary endpoint was cancer-specific survival. Secondary endpoints were correlation of biomarkers with bone invasion and pathological tumor response. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models were used for survival analyses. Results: A significantly higher OPG expression was demonstrated in patients with malignant bone invasion and non-responders to CRT as compared to patients without bone invasion and responders (p = 0.032 and p = 0.033, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that higher OPG expression was independently associated with shorter cancer-specific survival (p = 0.04). The expression status of RANKL and RANK was not significantly related to clinicopathological characteristics and had no impact on survival of OSCC patients. Conclusion: Upregulation of OPG expression is associated with bone invasion, poor pathological tumor regression to neoadjuvant CRT, and worse long-term cancer-specific survival in patients with locally advanced OSCC. Our results indicate that OPG may be a novel prognostic biomarker in oral cancer. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.