Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 209, Issue -, Pages 392-401Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.047
Keywords
Eggshell; Lead; Immobilization; Shooting range soil; X-ray absorption fine structure
Categories
Funding
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Korean government [2009-0071439]
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) [200781315, 2008A1265, 2009A1255]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2009-0071439] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [23681013] Funding Source: KAKEN
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This study evaluated the effectiveness of eggshell and calcined eggshell on lead (Pb) immobilization in a shooting range soil. Destructive and non-destructive analytical techniques were employed to determine the mechanism of Pb immobilization. The 5% additions of eggshell and calcined eggshell significantly decreased the TCLP-Pb concentration by 68.8% due mainly to increasing soil pH. Eggshell and calcined-eggshell amendments decreased the exchangeable Pb fraction to similar to 1% of the total Pb in the soil, while the carbonate-associated Pb fraction was increased to 40.0-47.1% at >15% application rates. The thermodynamic modeling on Pb speciation in the soil solution predicted the precipitation of Pb-hydroxide [Pb(OH)(2)] in soils amended with eggshell and calcined eggshell. The SEM-EDS, XAFS and elemental dot mapping revealed that Pb in soil amended with calcined eggshell was associated with Si and Ca, and may be immobilized by entrapping into calcium-silicate-hydrate. Comparatively, in the soil amended with eggshell, Pb was immobilized via formation of Pb-hydroxide or lanarkite [Pb2O(SO4)]. Applications of amendments increased activities of alkaline phosphatase up to 3.7 times greater than in the control soil. The use of eggshell amendments may have potential as an integrated remediation strategy that enables Pb immobilization and soil biological restoration in shooting range soils. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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