Journal
OPTICS EXPRESS
Volume 23, Issue 5, Pages 5653-5669Publisher
OPTICAL SOC AMER
DOI: 10.1364/OE.23.005653
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Funding
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, United Kingdom) [BB/I022937/1, BB/I022074/1]
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC, United Kingdom) [EP/K03197X/1]
- Medical Research Council (MRC, United Kingdom) [MR/K015664/1]
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/I022074/1, BB/I022937/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/K03197X/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MR/K015664/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- BBSRC [BB/I022074/1, BB/I022937/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- EPSRC [EP/K03197X/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [MR/K015664/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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We present a CMOS chip 256 x 2 single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) line sensor, 23.78 mu m pitch, 43.7% fill factor, custom designed for time resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES). Integrating time-to-digital converters (TDCs) implement on-chip mono-exponential fluorescence lifetime pre-calculation allowing timing of 65k photons/pixel at 200 Hz line rate at 40 ps resolution using centre-of-mass method (CMM). Per pixel time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) histograms can also be generated with 320 ps bin resolution. We characterize performance in terms of dark count rate, instrument response function and lifetime uniformity for a set of fluorophores with lifetimes ranging from 4 ns to 6 ns. Lastly, we present fluorescence lifetime spectra of multicolor microspheres and skin autofluorescence acquired using a custom built spectrometer. In TCSPC mode, time-resolved spectra are acquired within 5 minutes whilst in CMM mode spectral lifetime signatures are acquired within 2 ms for fluorophore in cuvette and 200 ms for skin autofluorescence. We demonstrate CMOS line sensors to be a versatile tool for time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy by providing parallelized and flexible spectral detection of fluorescence decay. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America
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