Optimization of β-cyclodextrin-based flavonol extraction from apple pomace using response surface methodology

The present study investigated five cyclodextrins (CDs) for the extraction of flavonols from apple pomace powder and optimized beta-CD based extraction of total flavonols using response surface methodology. A 2(3) central composite design with beta-CD concentration (0-5 g 100 mL(-1)), extraction temperature (20-72 degrees C), extraction time (6-48 h) and second-order quadratic model for the total flavonol yield (mg 100 g(-1) DM) was selected to generate the response surface curves. The optimal conditions obtained were: beta-CD concentration, 2.8 g 100 mL(-1); extraction temperature, 45 degrees C and extraction time, 25.6 h that predicted the extraction of 166.6 mg total flavonols 100 g(-1) DM. The predicted amount was comparable to the experimental amount of 151.5 mg total flavonols 100 g(-1) DM obtained from optimal beta-CD based parameters, thereby giving a low absolute error and adequacy of fitted model. In addition, the results from optimized extraction conditions showed values similar to those obtained through previously established solvent based sonication assisted flavonol extraction procedure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to optimize aqueous beta-CD based flavonol extraction which presents an environmentally safe method for value-addition to under-utilized bio resources.