Characterization of Edible Coatings Consisting of Pea Starch, Whey Protein Isolate, and Carnauba Wax and their Effects on Oil Rancidity and Sensory Properties of Walnuts and Pine Nuts

Edible coatings made of whey protein isolate (WPI), pea starch (PS), and their combinations with carnauba wax (CW) were prepared and characterized. WPI combined with CW formed stable emulsion while PS with CW formed unstable emulsion and both formulations produced non-homogeneous films. Addition of PS to WPI: CW combination at the ratio of 1: 1: 1, respectively, resulted in stable emulsion and homogenous films. The emulsion PS: WPI: CW (1: 1: 2) was stable and formed a continuous film but had less homogenous droplets size distribution when compared to 1: 1: 1 film. Combined films had a reduced tensile strength and elongation compared to single component films. WPI : CW (1: 1) films had higher elastic modulus than the WPI films, but the modulus reduced by the addition of PS. All the coating formulations were effective in preventing oxidative and hydrolytic rancidity of walnuts and pine nuts stored at 25 degrees C throughout the storage (12 d) but were less effective at 50 degrees C. Increasing the concentration of CW from 1: 1: 1 to 1: 1: 2 in PS: WPI: CW formulation did not contribute in further prevention of oil rancidity at 25 degrees C. Using of PS: WPI: CW (1: 1: 1) coating on both nuts significantly (P < 0.05) improved their smoothness and taste but the PS: WPI: CW (1: 1: 2) coatings imparted unacceptable yellowish color on walnuts.