Journal
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-LEARNING MEMORY AND COGNITION
Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages 434-445Publisher
AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC
DOI: 10.1037/a0014529
Keywords
mode-specific transfer; Simon effect; spatial stimulus modes; stimulus-response compatibility; transfer of location associations
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Funding
- Army Research Office [R01 AG021071, W911NF-05-1-0153]
- California State University Long Beach Scholarly
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING [R01AG021071] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Associations between corresponding stimulus-response locations are often characterized as overlearned, producing automatic activation. However, 84 practice trials with an incompatible mapping eliminate the benefit for spatial correspondence in a transfer Simon task, where stimulus location is irrelevant. The authors examined whether transfer occurs for combinations of physical-location, arrow-direction, and location-word modes in the practice and transfer sessions. With 84 practice trials, the Simon effect was reduced for locations and arrows, and there was complete transfer across these modes; location words showed little transfer within or between modes. These results suggest that the acquired short-term associations were based on visual-spatial stimulus codes distinct from semantic-spatial codes activated by the words. With 600 practice trials, words showed transfer to word and arrow but not location Simon tasks,. suggesting that arrows share semantic-spatial codes with words. Reaction-time distribution functions for the Simon effect showed distinct shapes for each stimulus mode, with little impact of the practiced mapping on the shapes. Thus, the contribution of the short-term location associations seems to be separate from that of the long-term associations responsible for the Simon effect.
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