Magnitude Estimation Reveals Temporal Binding at Super-Second Intervals

Several recent studies (e.g., Haggard, Aschersleben, Gehrke, & Prinz, 2002; Haggard & Clark, 2003; Haggard, Clark, & Kalogeras, 2002) have demonstrated a Temporal Binding effect in which the interval between an intentional action and its consequent outcome is subjectively shorter compared to equivalent intervals that do not involve intentional action. The bulk of the literature has relied on the Libet Clock (Libet, Gleason, Wright, & Pearl, 1983; but see also Engbert & Wohlschlager, 2007; Engbert, Wohlschlager, Thomas, & Haggard, 2007; Engbert, Wohlschlager, & Haggard, 2008). Here we demonstrate that Temporal Binding is a robust finding that can also be reliably achieved with a Magnitude Estimation procedure, and that occurs over intervals far greater than those previously explored. Implications for the underlying mechanisms are discussed.