Principe island hawksbills: Genetic isolation of an eastern Atlantic stock

The hawksbill turtle is a critically endangered species that has been extensively exploited for centuries. Principe Island off western Africa harbours one of the species' major nesting populations in the eastern Atlantic, as well as hosting year-round foraging aggregations of juveniles, subadults and adult males. To gain insight into the population's genetic structure and relationships with regional stocks, we analysed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of nesting females (N = 9), foraging adult females (N = 11), adult males (N = 32), subadults (N = 15) and juveniles (N = 80). The nesting population was found to be fixed for a single haplotype (EAR), which had been previously reported in both western and eastern Atlantic hawksbill foraging sites but had no known rookery source prior to this study. Thus it is now possible to confirm the westward transoceanic movement by hawksbills originating from Principe Island. Our analyses demonstrated that the Principe Island nesting colony is genetically distinct from breeding populations in the western Atlantic and is phylogenetically linked with Indo-Pacific hawksbill clades, suggesting that Principe Island was most likely colonised by migrants from the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa. Mixed stock analyses revealed that the eastern Atlantic appears to be the primary foraging area for Principe hawksbills (75%) while most of the foraging juveniles in Principe waters originate from the Principe rookery (84%). Furthermore, the presence of Caribbean haplotypes at low frequencies (<5%) suggests that eastward transatlantic movements by juveniles to distant foraging and developmental habitats also take place. Depleted hawksbill populations in the eastern Atlantic combined with the low genetic variability and high genetic distinctiveness found in the Principe nesting and foraging aggregations with respect to the western Atlantic, underscore the high degree of isolation and vulnerability of this eastern Atlantic stock. These characteristics are highly relevant for the development of effective conservation programmes and highlight the urgent need to consolidate international cooperation across regional boundaries. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.