Journal
JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Volume 24, Issue 12, Pages 2600-2610Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02383.x
Keywords
fish; Heterandria formosa; parent-offspring conflict; placenta; Poeciliidae; polyandry; viviparity; viviparity-driven conflict hypothesis
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Funding
- Finnish Cultural Foundation
- Ella and Georg Ehrnrooth's Foundation
- Rector of the University of Helsinki
- Academy of Finland
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In viviparous species, a conflict over maternal resource allocation may arise between mothers and embryos, between siblings, and between maternal and paternal genes within an embryo due to relatedness asymmetries. We performed two experiments to study the effects of polyandry and brood relatedness on offspring growth in a placental fish (Heterandria formosa). Polyandry was beneficial as it increased the probability of pregnancy, possibly to avoid genetic incompatibility. However, females mated to four males produced offspring that had a longer maturation time than those of monandrous females. When within-brood relatedness was manipulated, the size of the newborn offspring decreased with time in low-relatedness treatment, whereas in highly related broods, offspring size was constant. Low within- brood relatedness may lead to less cooperative offspring in terms of resource extraction from the mother, which may lead to impaired development during gestation. Offspring conflict may thus reduce the benefits of polyandry in viviparous species.
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