Journal
JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 60-66Publisher
JAPAN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSOC
DOI: 10.2188/jea.JE20130083
Keywords
smoking cessation; pregnancy; fetal growth; childhood growth
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Funding
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan [KAKENHI 23390173, KAKENHI 20590639, KAKENHI 23590785]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [24790614] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Background: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a major cause of intrauterine growth restriction and childhood obesity, but only a few studies have examined the association of smoking cessation before and during pregnancy with fetal and childhood growth. We examined this association in a prospective cohort study in Japan. Methods: Our study included children born between 1991 and 2006 and their mothers. Using a questionnaire, maternal smoking status was recorded at pregnancy. The anthropometric data of the children were collected during a medical check-up at age 3 years. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used for data analysis stratified by sex. Results: In total, 2663 mothers reported their smoking status during early pregnancy, and data were collected from 2230 (83.7%) children at age 3 years. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a significant reduction in birth weight (approximately 120-150 g). Body mass index at age 3 years was significantly higher among boys born to smoking mothers than among boys born to nonsmoking mothers. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with overweight at age 3 years among boys (adjusted odds ratio, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.03-5.4). However, among women who stopped smoking in early pregnancy, there was no increase in the risks of a small for gestational age birth or childhood overweight at age 3 years. Conclusions: Children born to mothers who stopped smoking before or during early pregnancy had appropriate fetal and childhood growth.
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