Journal
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Volume 146, Issue -, Pages 383-399Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.014
Keywords
Bioremediation; Hexavalent chromium; Chromium resistance; Chromate reductase
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Hexavalent chromium is mobile, highly toxic and considered as a priority environmental pollutant. Chromate reductases, found in chromium resistant bacteria are known to catalyse the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and have recently received particular attention for their potential use in bioremediation process. Different chromate reductases such as ChrR, YieF, NemA and LpDH, have been identified from bacterial sources which are located either in soluble fractions (cytoplasm) or bound to the membrane of the bacterial cell. The reducing conditions under which these enzymes are functional can either be aerobic or anaerobic or sometimes both. Enzymatic reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) involves transfer of electrons from electron donors like NAD(P)H to Cr(VI) and simultaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on the steps involved in electron transfer to Cr(VI) and the subsequent amount of ROS generated, two reaction mechanisms, namely, Class I tight and Class II semi tight have been proposed. The present review discusses on the types of chromate reductases found in different bacteria, their mode of action and potential applications in bioremediation of hexavalent chromium both under free and immobilize conditions. Besides, techniques used in characterization of the Cr(VI) reduced products were also discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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