Journal
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Volume 90, Issue -, Pages S86-S95Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.08.013
Keywords
Antifouling; Organotin; Tributyltin; TBT; Policy; Legislation; International convention; AFS Convention; EU; EC; Shipping; Legal approach; Legal technique
Categories
Funding
- European Commission under the Sixth Framework Programme [FP6]
- EU
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The Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships (AFS Convention), which was adopted in 2001 and will come into force in September 2008, bans the use of TBT (tributyltin) antifouling paint on ships. The EU (European Union) effectively implemented the Convention on 1 January 2008 by enforcing a similar ban. Several states have national restrictions and bans in place. The regulation on TBT antifouling paint aims at checking the risk of adverse effects on marine ecosystems. The legal and political situation is, however. characterized by complex relations between different layers of legislation, the use of several different legal techniques, and levels of ambition. The international and EU bans thereby cause some indirect effects, which are only partly included in what is seen as 'the TBT issue' and so only partly assessed in the legal process of the ban. This article discusses the expediency of the existing legislation and legal strategies aimed at reducing the negative environmental effects of TBT-like toxins in marine ecosystems and indirect effects of such actions. It considers the adequacy and limits of current regulatory approaches for handling complex environmental problems, such as TBT in antifouling paint. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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