Journal
JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY
Volume 216, Issue 3, Pages 353-362Publisher
BIOSCIENTIFICA LTD
DOI: 10.1530/JOE-11-0473
Keywords
genipin; myotubes; glucose uptake; insulin signaling
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation [30971077, 30890043]
- Shanghai Committee for Science and Technology [07JC14042, 08dj1400602]
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Genipin, a compound derived from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits, has been used over the years in traditional Chinese medicine to treat symptoms of type 2 diabetes. However, the molecular basis for its antidiabetic effect has not been fully revealed. In this study, we investigated the effects of genipin on glucose uptake and signaling pathways in C2C12 myotubes. Our study demonstrates that genipin stimulated glucose uptake in a time-and dose-dependent manner. The maximal effect was achieved at 2 h with a concentration of 10 mu M. In myotubes, genipin promoted glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the cell surface, which was observed by analyzing their distribution in subcellular membrane fraction, and increased the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), AKT, and GSK3 beta. Meanwhile, genipin increased ATP levels, closed K-ATP channels, and then increased the concentration of calcium in the cytoplasm in C2C12 myotubes. Genipin-stimulated glucose uptake could be blocked by both the PI3-K inhibitor wortmannin and calcium chelator EGTA. Moreover, genipin increases the level of reactive oxygen species and ATP in C2C12 myotubes. These results suggest that genipin activates IRS-1, PI3-K, and downstream signaling pathway and increases concentrations of calcium, resulting in GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake increase in C2C12 myotubes.
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