Hard X-ray photoemission with angular resolution and standing-wave excitation

Several aspects of hard X-ray photoemission that make use of angular resolution and/or standing-wave excitation are discussed. These include hard X-ray angle-resolved photoemission (HARPES) from valence levels, which has the capability of determining bulk electronic structure in a momentum-resolved way; hard X-ray photoelectron diffraction (HXPD), which shows promise for studying element-specific bulk atomic structure, including dopant site occupations; and standing wave studies of the composition and chemical states of buried layers and interfaces. Beyond this, standing wave photoemission can be used to derive element-specific densities of states. Some recent examples relevant to all of these aspects are discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.