Enhanced efficacy and bioavailability of thymoquinone using nanoliposomal dosage form

Thymoquinone (TQ) is the bioactive constituent of the volatile oil of different herbs and a phytochemical constituent of Nigella sativa, cumin and some other herbs. It can modulate signaling pathways that are key to cancer progression and are able to enhance the anticancer potential of chemotherapeutic agents. However, TQ suffers from high hydrophobicity and poor solubility in aqueous media, which result in its inadequate bioavailability. Furthermore, TQ is sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature and light. A possible solution to these impairments is utilization of nanoliposomes, or nanoscale bilayer lipid vesicles. Nanoliposomes provide controlled release of therapeutic agents, at the right place and the right time. They increase the effectiveness and cellular uptake of the encapsulated material regardless of their solubility. Reactive, volatile or sensitive molecules can be turned into stable ingredients using nanoliposome technology. This article reviews various aspects of nanoliposomes including their physicochemical properties, some of the available preparation techniques, and procedures to encapsulate TQ.