Designing a fibrotic microenvironment to investigate changes in human liver sinusoidal endothelial cell function

The deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by hepatic cells during fibrosis leads to the stiffening of the organ and perturbed cellular functions. Changes in the elasticity of liver tissue are manifested by altered phenotype in hepatic cells. We have investigated changes in human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (hLSECs) that occur as the elastic modulus of their matrix transitions from healthy (6 kPa) to fibrotic (36 kPa) conditions. We have also investigated the role played by Kupffer cells in the dedifferentiation of hLSECs. We report the complete loss of fenestrae and the expression of CD31 at the surface as a result of increasing elastic moduli. LSECs exhibited a greater number of actin stress fibers and vinculin focal adhesion on the stiffer substrate, as well. A novel finding is that these identical trends can be obtained on soft (6 kPa) substrates by introducing an inflamed microenvironment through the addition of Kupffer cells. hLSEC monocultures on 6 kPa gels exhibited fenestrae that were 140.7 +/- 52.6 nm in diameter as well as a lack of surface CD31 expression. Co-culturing hLSECs with rat Kupffer cells (rKCs) on 6 kPa substrates, resulted in the complete loss of fenestrae, an increase in CD31 expression and in a well-organized cytoskeleton. These results demonstrate that the increasing stiffness of liver matrices does not solely result in changes in hLSEC phenotype. Even on soft substrates, culturing hLSECs in an inflamed microenvironment can result in their dedifferentiation. Our findings demonstrate the interplay between matrix elasticity and inflammation in the progression of hepatic fibrosis. (C) 2015 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.