Changes in gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory mediator levels during the induction and resolution of experimental gingivitis in humans

P>Aim The goal of this study is to characterize the changes in 33 biomarkers within the gingival crevicular fluid during the 3-week induction and 4-week resolution of stent-induced, biofilm overgrowth mediated, experimental gingivitis in humans. Methods Experimental gingivitis was induced in 25 subjects for 21 days followed by treatment with a sonic powered toothbrush for 28 days. Clinical indices and gingival crevicular fluids were collected weekly during induction and biweekly during resolution. Samples were analysed using a bead-based multiplexing analysis for the simultaneous measurements of 33 biomarkers within each sample including cytokines, matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) and adipokines. Prostaglandin-E-2 was measured by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbant assay. Statistical testing using general linear models with structured covariance matrices were performed to compare stent to contralateral (non-stent) changes in clinical signs and in biomarker levels over time. Results Gingivitis induction was associated with a significant 2.6-fold increase in interleukin 1-beta (IL-beta), a 3.1-fold increase in IL-1 alpha and a significant decrease in multiple chemokines as well as MMPs-1, -3 and 13. All changes in clinical signs and mediators rebounded to baseline in response to treatment in the resolution phase. Conclusions Stent-induced gingivitis is associated with marked, but reversible increases in IL-alpha a and IL-1 beta with suppression of multiple chemokines as well as selected MMPs.