The association between selected risk indicators and severity of peri-implantitis using mixed model analyses

P>Aim The aim of the study was to assess possible risk indicators for peri-implantitis at different levels of severity using multi-level analyses. Material and Methods One hundred and nine subjects attended the examination, 69 females and 40 males. Mean time of implants in function was 8.4 years (standard deviation 4.6) (subject level). The participants were examined clinically and radiographically. Information regarding general health and habits was gathered, with special emphasis on smoking, oral hygiene and susceptibility to periodontitis. The relation between possible risk indicators and the following features were assessed:center dot Detectable peri-implantitis: detectable radiographic bone loss (> 0.4 mm) and inflammation center dot Overt peri-implantitis: radiographic peri-implant bone loss >= 2.0 mm and bleeding on probing /suppuration at pocket probing depth >= 4 mm. Results Multi-level statistical analyses identified location in the maxilla as risk indicator for detectable peri-implantitis. Regarding overt peri-implantitis, gender (male) and history of periodontitis were identified as risk indicators. Conclusion Individuals with a history of periodontitis were prone to peri-implantitis, peri-implant bone loss >= 2.0 mm and overt in the present study. No association was found between smoking and peri-implant disease in the present study population.