Journal
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
Volume 123, Issue 11, Pages 4888-4899Publisher
AMER SOC CLINICAL INVESTIGATION INC
DOI: 10.1172/JCI66218
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Funding
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF)
- NIH [DP3DK094352, U01DK076133, R01DK053867, R21AG030320, R01AG033679]
- Christini Fund
- Wright Foundation
- Lennox Foundation
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Diabetic microvascular complications have been considered to be mediated by a glucose-driven increase in mitochondrial superoxide anion production. Here, we report that superoxide production was reduced in the kidneys of a steptozotocin-induced mouse model of type 1 diabetes, as assessed by in vivo real-time transcutaneous fluorescence, confocal microscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. Reduction of mitochondrial biogenesis and phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) were observed in kidneys from diabetic mice. These observations were consistent with an overall reduction of mitochondrial glucose oxidation. Activity of AMPK, the major energy-sensing enzyme, was reduced in kidneys from both diabetic mice and humans. Mitochondrial biogenesis, PDH activity, and mitochond.rial complex activity were rescued by treatment with the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranosicle (AICAR). AICAR treatment induced superoxide production and was linked with glomerular matrix and albuminuria reduction in the diabetic kidney. Furthermore, diabetic heterozygous superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod(2+/-)) mice had no evidence of increased renal disease, and Ampka(2-/-) mice had increased albuminuria that was not reduced with AICAR treatment. Reduction of mito chondrial superoxide production with rotenone was sufficient to reduce AMPK phosphorylation in mouse kidneys. Taken together, these results demonstrate that diabetic kidneys have reduced superoxide and mitochondrial biogenesis and activation of AMPK enhances superoxide production and mitochomirial function while reducing disease activity.
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